FABRIC
FILTER NEWSLETTER
July 2019, No. 525
MARKETS
·
U.S. Coal Plant
Environmental Upgrades to Cost More Than $50 Billion
·
Coal By-products
Including Rare Earths Will Be A Game Changer
·
Join the Debate on
Insitu Rare Earth Recovery
·
Combust Flow and
Treat Market Research Options
BIOMASS
·
Andritz to Supply a
Highly Efficient Fluidized Bed Boiler for a Biomass Power Plant in Japan
CEMENT
·
FLSmidth Wins
Contract for New Cement Plant in Morocco
·
Technische Textilien
Lörrach’s Latest Reference for the Dedusting of a Cement Plant
MANUFACTURING
·
Nederman Supplies
Dust Collection System for Clayton Fixture Company
COMPANY NEWS
·
Siemens’ Gas and
Power Continues Focus on Productivity and Competitiveness
·
AECOM to Spin off
Management Services Segment
·
Porvair Filtration
Group Expands in Southern and Eastern Europe
REGULATIONS
·
Power Plant
Emissions Down Substantially in U.S. Since 1990
·
EPA Finalizes Affordable Clean Energy Rule
·
Repeal of the Clean
Power Plan and Emissions Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
Existing Electric Utility Generating Units
·
ArcelorMittal
Indiana Harbor Fined for Baghouse Exposure
MARKETS
U.S. Coal Plant
Environmental Upgrades to Cost More Than $50 Billion
The 200,000 MW of
remaining coal-fired capacity in the U.S. will require an investment of more
than $50 billion to meet the solid waste, groundwater, wastewater and air
emission limits. The McIlvaine tracking system has profiles of the utilities
with summaries of the programs and also weekly reporting in the Utility
E-Alert. Here is the profile summary for Vectren.
Vectren operates the
Culley and Brown units comprising four coal-fired boilers. It will no longer
operate the Warrick 4 plant for ALCOA.
It faces major
expenditures to meet the CCR regulations. There is a big potential for pond
dewatering and beneficiation of ponded flyash. Environmental improvements as
outlined in the NPDES permit amended February 2018 specify that a dry bottom
ash transport water system must be installed prior to December 2020, and the
FGD waste water system must be upgraded to a chemical-precipitation
biological system by February 2021 or a zero liquid discharge (“ZLD”) system
by December 2023.
Vectren has been
selling its dry flyash since 2009. Last year it started discussions with a
potential partner to explore beneficiation of the ponded ash. In April 2019
the State of Indiana denied Vectren the permit to proceed with a large
natural gas-fired power plant. It had planned to upgrade the Culley plant
and retire the Brown plant because of the scrubber problems. Now it will
have to consider extending the life of the Brown units.
The A.B. Brown 1 & 2
units use sodium carbonate double alkali scrubbers. High maintenance costs
of these scrubber will probably now be addressed since the remaining life
has now been extended.
Each Brown unit has
a separate scrubber that was installed when the plants were built in 1979
and 1986. An independent consultant conducted a condition assessment of the
Brown scrubbers and concluded the alkaline scrubbers have an expected life
cycle of 16 years. They are now beyond that expected useful life. Given
their current condition, the consultant recommended retirement of both
scrubbers within the next 5-10 years. Brown Unit 1 will be 45 years old and
Brown Unit 2 will be 38 years old in 2024. The recommended replacement
is one forced oxidation scrubber to remove SO2 from both units.
The estimated capital cost is nearly $340 million. Along with a new forced
oxidation scrubber in order to comply with the Effluent Limitations
Guidelines (ELG) rule, the new scrubber will require a wastewater treatment
system.
AB Brown Unit 1 has
experienced the effects of cycling first-hand as Solid Particle Erosion
(SPE) damaged a turbine by-pass valve allowing foreign particles to enter
the turbine causing a three month outage and a $3.8 million repair during
the summer of 2016. The issue appears to have occurred in the main steam
outlet header where scale appears to have flaked off the internal header due
to multiple thermal transitions related to unit cycling. Turbine valves are
now being inspected and changed out more frequently to prevent a similar
occurrence.
A profile of Vectren
has been posted to the Utility Tracking System under operator profiles. The
range of environmental investment requirements are addressed but there are
many pages devoted to the CCR program and challenges.
For more information
on the tracking system click on
42EI Utility
Tracking System.
Coal By-products
Including Rare Earths Will Be A Game Changer
The UK is importing
flyash due to the retirement of coal fired boilers. The U.S. is gambling
millions on the belief that rare earths extracted from flyash will eliminate
a national security problem. Ash stored in ponds in the U.S. and other
countries has been viewed as a contamination source but is increasingly
being viewed as an important resource.
Suppliers of
combust, flow, and treat products and services should consider the combined
markets of remediation of existing ash pond and creation of valuable by
products. The U.S. is leading in site remediation efforts, but 90 percent of
the potential is in other countries.
There are
opportunities in revisions to air pollution control systems. There are new
ways to move flyash from the dust collectors to storage and new storage
designs which apply to all the world markets. These can include air slides
such as made by FLSmidth or dense phase coal sludge pumps such as made by
Putzmeister. There are new ways to process flyash and bottom ash. The market
to harvest flyash from existing ponds and landfills will continue in
countries where new flyash generation is shrinking. In fact the demand
increases as the supply of new flyash decreases.
It is a very dynamic
market. Some U.S. utilities took steps to bring their ponds into compliance
with new CCR standards and then due to some groundwater contamination
lawsuits now must consider pond excavation.
McIlvaine is
addressing all the opportunities in its market reports on Precipitators,
Fabric Filters, FGD, Valves, Pumps, Treatment Chemicals and IIoT. The
opportunities at specific plants are being pursued with weekly coverage in
the Utility E-Alert. Analysis of individual utilities is provided in
42EI Utility
Tracking System.
A sample for Vectren is shown at
http://www.mcilvainecompany.com/brochures/vectren/page1.htm.
McIlvaine believes
there is a big potential for insitu rare earths feedstock and is making a
special effort to analyze the process in Coal Fired Power Plant Decisions
44I Coal Fired Power
Plant Decisions.
Join the Debate on
Insitu Rare Earth Recovery
The McIlvaine
Company believes insitu rare earth recovery from coal combustion will be
much more economical than using flyash ponds and landfills as the source.
The assertion is that coal-fired boilers can generate rare earth feedstocks,
30 percent hydrochloric acid, and contaminant free ash, while avoiding many
of the present problems of not removing HCl separate from the SO2.
There is a
substantial factual basis for the assertion based on the operation of some
coal-fired plants and many municipal waste incinerators. Other than
McIlvaine there is no other source who seems to have evaluated this
opportunity. The University of Kentucky, Battelle, EPRI, Georgia Power,
ACAA, Chinese researchers, suppliers of waste to energy systems with acid
and metal by-product sales and others will have insights which would help
determine the efficacy of this option.
The basic case is
available for review at
Insitu Rare Earth
Recovery System.
Input from any source will be welcomed and comments posted. Webinars to
discuss this option will be held at the appropriate time. Bob McIlvaine
welcomes questions or comments at 847-784-0013, cell 847-226-2391, email -
rmcilvaine@mcilvainecompany.com.
Combust Flow and
Treat Market Research Options
The need for market
research ranges from an immediate answer to a question to a business program
with forecasts for each major prospect. McIlvaine has been supplying
research across this spectrum in the air, water and energy fields since
1974. Cost and timing as well as intended use, influence the market research
purchase decision. Here are reasons McIlvaine should be your choice for the
range of needs.
(1)
Need an answer today
to a few questions: McIlvaine can supply any of our online market reports
instantly and can provide a webinar to help answer specific questions. Here
are details on each of the reports divided into air, water, energy, and
contamination control categories.
http://home.mcilvainecompany.com/index.php/markets
(2)
Need guidance today:
Bob McIlvaine can provide a one-hour webinar with a number of participants.
Focus can be on a particular prospect, product, industry, or location.
McIlvaine displays millions of pages of information online. The most
appropriate information can be displayed to provide the guidance.
(3)
Need data to
allocate sales promotion expenditures or to set quotas: McIlvaine has
forecasts for each product in each industry in each country. Segmentation
for each state in the U.S. and each province in China can also be supplied.
(4)
Need to value an
acquisition target or make a new product investment decision: McIlvaine has
been an advisor on many acquisitions and has done numerous studies to
determine the potential markets for a new product. Clients have included the
largest companies but also small ones. Since McIlvaine also has services on
the end user industries it has the latest insights on fast developing
opportunities such as hydraulic fracturing or single use biopharmaceuticals.
(5)
Build a business
program around market research: Forecasts of purchases by each major
prospect can be provided along with a program to reach the decision makers
in a way which will maximize profits.
Bob McIlvaine can
answer your questions at 847-784-0013 or
rmcilvaine@mcilvainecompany.com.
BIOMASS
Andritz to Supply a
Highly Efficient Fluidized Bed Boiler for a Biomass Power Plant in Japan
Andritz has received
an order from Toyo Engineering Corp. (TOYO), Japan, to deliver a PowerFluid
Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler with flue gas cleaning system for a new
biomass power plant to be built in Ishikari city, Hokkaido, for Ishikari
Shinko New Energy Hatsuden Godo Kaisha. Startup is scheduled in 2022.
The PowerFluid
boiler to be supplied by Andritz features lowest emissions, high efficiency
and availability, and highest fuel flexibility. It forms an essential part
of a high-efficiency biomass power plant for supply of green energy to the
national grid. The biomass power plant fired with wood pellets as well as
palm kernel shells will generate around 50 MWel of power.
This project is the
fifth order in a row for supply of an ANDRITZ PowerFluid Circulating
Fluidized Bed boiler for the Japanese market, thus demonstrating ANDRITZ’s
extensive know-how and recognized expertise in the biomass power boiler
sector.
CEMENT
FLSmidth Wins
Contract for New Cement Plant in Morocco
FLSmidth has won a
contract to deliver a greenfield cement plant to a new customer in Morocco.
The contract is worth DKK 335 million.
FLSmidth together
with Société Générale des Travaux du Maroc (SGTM) yesterday signed a
contract with TEKCIM S.A. to co-deliver a full cement plant with a capacity
of 3600 tonnes per day. The plant will be built in Ouled Ghanem in Morocco's
El-Jadida province and is scheduled to be fully operational in the 3rd
quarter of 2022. FLSmidth's share of the turnkey contract amounts to DKK 335
million.
This is the first
business cooperation between FLSmidth and TEKCIM. The process leading to the
agreement has involved the African Development Bank as well as local
commercial banks, and the parties involved have set very high standards in
terms of quality and sustainability.
"The project
includes state-of-the-art equipment that will provide TEKCIM with a very
efficient cement plant. It also demonstrates FLSmidth ability to support
customers where financing is involved, which has been a key aspect to be
awarded this project.
The contract scope
includes engineering, supply of a full range of equipment from crushing to
packing and loadout, supervision, commissioning and training of a local
workforce.
Technische Textilien
Lörrach’s Latest Reference for the Dedusting of a Cement Plant
A filter medium made
of meta-aramide and polyphenylene sulfide fibers is successfully being used
in a dust collector in the cement industry. The warranty term of 24 months +
12 months pro rata was fulfilled, and the filter bags are still working to
the satisfaction of the plant operator. In order to achieve and optimal dust
collection, they selected fine fibers and adapted the grammage weight of the
needlefelt to the dust load.
Example for the use
of a needlefelt made of a MA+PPS blend, 600 g/m2, fine fiber
Gas volume (Bm3/h)
123,000
Filtration surface (m2)
1,937
Cleaning
compressed air
Raw gas dust load (g/Nm3)
420
Clean gas dust load (g/Nm3)
5
Temperature (°C)
130/150°
MANUFACTURING
Nederman Supplies
Dust Collection System for Clayton Fixture Company
Founded in 1963,
Clayton Fixture Co. is a commercial fixture company that manufactures
tabletop, cabinets and other related accessories commonly found in
restaurants. Clayton Fixture Co. had a dust control problem that needed to
be solved. Nederman provided a dust collection solution to address their
specific manufacturing process needs. The installed high and low vacuum
systems have substantially improved cleanliness of Clayton Fixture.
The high vacuum
system is used for on-tool extraction during the sanding and routing process
of the solid surface top fixtures. Installation included a complete
configured NFKZ3000 5+1 dust collector sized for 30,000 CFM that included
CARZ Valve, Abort Gate, Spark Detection System and Quick Fit Ductwork for
the safe handling of combustible wood dust. Clayton Fixture Co. has improved
shop efficiency and cleanliness with the Nederman system.
Nederman’s dust
collectors address the issue of combustible dust. Processing of combustible
raw material creates combustible dust. The dust has 1000 times or more
larger surface, which results in a very quick combustion if ignited. This
results in pressure increase and explosions in enclosed spaces.
Fine particles
suspended in/mixed with air can be ignited when the concentration is above a
threshold value. The value for many dust types is so high that normal view
is obstructed, so this is normally not the main risk at workplaces. The main
risk at workplaces is typically dust layers that become suspended in air by
a sudden movement or cleaning with pressurized air.
Dusty processes are
traditionally polishing, blasting, grinding, crushing, milling,
transportation of granulates, etc. Dust is also created in many processes
using high-speed tools to achieve very smooth surfaces such as sawing,
grinding and cutting. Also, 3D-printing with powders generate dust that can
be combustible.
Organic dust
materials are explosive, such as wood, flour, sugar, grain and soybeans.
Also, particles from pharmaceuticals and pesticides as well as rubber,
textiles and plastics can be explosive. This even accounts for materials
such as aluminum and iron that are not combustible in larger pieces but can
be when in dust form.
COMPANY NEWS
Siemens’ Gas and
Power Continues Focus on Productivity and Competitiveness
Siemens
recently informed its employee representatives about further planned
measures for strengthening the productivity and competitiveness of Siemens'
Gas and Power (GP) Operating Co. for the long term. "Our new Gas and Power
Operating Co. setup has created synergies that better enable our company to
deliver competitive performance in the midst of structural change in our
industry. The planned measures will help us create more opportunity for
growth and the security that comes from being a competitive player in the
energy market," said Lisa Davis, member of the Managing Board of Siemens AG
and CEO of Gas and Power.
Siemens announced that, against the backdrop of a challenging market
environment, GP will — in addition to ongoing programs — require further
savings of €500 million in order to significantly improve its cost
competitiveness. The additional savings will be enabled by the new setup of
the GP Operating Co. Merging and rightsizing the different businesses will
save €200 million. A further €100 million will result from the new regional
setup. And the remaining €200 million will be achieved by optimizing support
functions.
The plans, as they have now been presented, call for reducing approximately
2700 jobs worldwide over the course of several years. Around 1400 of these
jobs are in Germany. Siemens will now begin consultations with the relevant
employee representatives and then implement the planned measures, including
requalification programs in the wake of the structural transformation of the
industry, in a way that is socially responsible. As Siemens also highlighted
at its Capital Market Day, the growth-oriented Vision 2020+ strategy concept
will also be reflected in workforce development. Taking into account the
efficiency-related workforce adjustments across all areas, including today's
adjustments at GP, there will, accordingly, be a net increase of around
10,000 jobs worldwide within the same time period.
Since last years' reconciliation of interests with employee representatives
focused on the power generation business (Power and Gas), the new measures
primarily address the EPC projects business as well as the power
transmission products and systems business. For the EPC projects business,
measures are required in order to reduce costs, adjust to the declining
numbers of major projects and enable the business to be more selective in
the market, finding the right balance between volume and margin. For the
power transmission products business, the markets for transformers and
switching technology are burdened by excess capacities, requiring measures
for optimizing cost structures and capacities at all locations. Doing so
will help preserve the competitiveness of these locations. In addition,
across the GP Operating Company, bundling and optimization has reduced the
need for some of the services provided by support functions.
AECOM to Spin off
Management Services Segment
AECOM has
unanimously approved a plan to
pursue a spin-off of the company’s Management Services segment into a
leading, standalone government services company. The transaction is
currently expected to be completed in the second half of fiscal 2020.
As standalone entities, both AECOM and the government services business are
expected to benefit from:
·
Strong management teams with a honed focus on their respective businesses
and capital structures optimized to the unique characteristics of each
business
·
Added long-term financial flexibility to invest in each business’s strategic
growth priorities, and to allocate capital to the best and highest use
·
Separate boards of directors with skillsets and experience to provide
focused insights and to support strategic and financial objectives and
enhanced value creation
·
Company-specific incentive programs and performance indicators to most
closely align employee incentive compensation opportunities with standalone
business performance
·
Enhanced appeal to a broader set of investors suited to the particular
strategic and financial characteristics of each business.
Porvair Filtration
Group Expands in Southern and Eastern Europe
Porvair Filtration
Group has announced the appointment of two new Business Development Managers
in Europe.
In response to
increased demand, Porvair’s New Milton Division has employed local experts
to manage and support their sales channels, offering performance-driven
filtration equipment for the process and industrial sectors.
Fabio Nicolodi, who
has over 18 years’ experience in filtration, will drive growth by developing
new and existing customers in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Malta.
Petr Straka, who has
over 11 years’ experience, is responsible for developing new and existing
customers in Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and
Slavic regions. Petr will also support Russia as opportunities develop.
Their appointments
underlines Porvair's commitment to expanding its operations in Europe, and
both will support customers in the following market sectors: Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), chemical process, printing, bioscience,
polymer and food and beverage.
REGULATIONS
Power Plant
Emissions Down Substantially in U.S. Since 1990
Power plant SO2
and NOx emissions have decreased 92 percent and 84 percent,
respectively, since Congress passed major amendments to the Clean Air Act in
1990. Meanwhile, mercury air emissions from power plants have decreased 90
percent since 2000, as federal limits on mercury and other hazardous air
pollutants from coal-fired power plants went into effect in 2015.
The revelations are
just a few of the findings from a report titled “Benchmarking Air Emissions
of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the United States,” which was
authored by M.J. Bradley & Associates and released in June. The benchmarking
analysis is a collaborative effort among
Ceres; Bank of America; power
producers Entergy and Exelon; and the Natural Resources Defense Council
(NRDC). The latest analysis is the 15th such report released since
1997.
“As harmful
emissions from the U.S. power sector continue to decline, it’s clear that
policy solutions, market forces, company leadership, and stakeholder
engagement are successfully driving the clean energy transition,” Starla Yeh,
Director of the Policy Analysis Group of the Climate and Clean Energy
program at NRDC, said in a news release accompanying the report.
Notably, there was
one recent exception to the downward trend in emissions. Power sector
releases of CO2 increased 1 percent between 2017 and 2018. “The
sector must ensure it recovers the ground it lost in 2018 with consistent
and steep reductions in climate and air pollution over the coming decades in
order to do its part in meeting domestic and global decarbonization goals,”
Yeh added. Still, CO2 emissions have decreased 25 percent since
peaking in 2007, even as U.S. gross domestic product — a measure of the
total value of goods produced and services provided in the country — grew
more than 35 percent over the same period.
The report says
electricity accounted for almost 40 percent of primary energy use in the
U.S. in 2018, and its share of energy supply is expected to increase in the
coming decades with the electrification of transportation and other
end-uses.
“As the benchmark
analysis continues to make clear, we must increase corporate ambition and
find solutions to transform the power sector at a scope and scale that
matches the climate crisis,” said Dan Bakal, Senior Director of Electric
Power at Ceres — a nonprofit organization focused on sustainability.
Interestingly, there
is wide variability in carbon emission rates among U.S. power producers.
Five of the 20 largest generators emit more than 1,500 lbs. of CO2/MWh
while five others emit less than 650 lbs. of CO2/MWh. With its
large nuclear fleet, Exelon emitted the least — 107 lbs. of CO2/MWh
(less than a quarter the amount of any other producer) — while, of the top
20 producers, Ameren was at the high end, emitting 1696 lbs. of CO2/MWh.
“As the largest
producer of zero-carbon energy in the United States, Exelon stands with the
overwhelming majority of our customers who want cleaner air and affordable,
reliable energy,” said Exelon Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy and
Chief Innovation and Sustainability Officer Chris Gould. “The valuable
insights and analysis from this report will help us continue to drive the
deep decarbonization necessary to address the climate crisis facing our
customers and communities.”
EPA Finalizes Affordable Clean Energy Rule
The
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) issued the final Affordable Clean Energy (ACE) rule —
replacing the prior administration’s Clean Power Plan (CPP) with a rule that
restores the rule of law and empowers states to reduce emissions while
providing affordable and reliable energy for all Americans.
These actions are
the culmination of a review of the CPP, which was done in response to
President Trump’s Executive Order 13873 - Promoting Energy Independence and
Economic Growth. The actions also follow challenges from a large number of
states, trade associations, rural electric co-ops, and labor unions who
argued that the CPP exceeded EPA’s authority under the Clean Air Act, and an
unprecedented stay of the CPP by the Supreme Court in 2016.
“We are delivering
on one of President Trump’s core priorities: ensuring the American public
has access to affordable, reliable energy in a manner that continues our
nation’s environmental progress,” said EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler.
“Unlike the Clean Power Plan, ACE adheres to the Clean Air Act and gives
states the regulatory certainty they need to continue to reduce emissions
and provide a dependable, diverse supply of electricity that all Americans
can afford. When ACE is fully implemented, we expect to see U.S. power
sector CO2 emissions fall by as much as 35 percent below 2005
levels.”
The ACE rule
establishes emissions guidelines for states to use when developing plans to
limit carbon dioxide (CO2) at their coal-fired power plants.
Specifically, ACE identifies heat rate improvements as the best system of
emission reduction (BSER) for CO2 from coal-fired power plants,
and these improvements can be made at individual facilities. States will
have 3 years to submit plans, which is in line with other planning timelines
under the Clean Air Act.
Also contained
within the rule are new implementing regulations for ACE and future
existing-source rules under Clean Air Act Section 111(d). These guidelines
will inform states as they set unit-specific standards of performance. For
example, states can take a particular source’s remaining useful life and
other factors into account when establishing a standard of performance for
that source.
ACE will reduce
emissions of CO2, mercury, as well as precursors for pollutants
like fine particulate matter and ground-level ozone: In 2030, the ACE rule
is projected to:
·
Reduce CO2
emissions by 11 million short tons
·
Reduce NOx
emissions by 7100 tons
·
Reduce PM2.5
emissions by 400 tons
·
Reduce mercury
emissions by 59 pounds
·
Reduce SO2
emissions by 5700 tons
EPA projects that
ACE will result in annual net benefits of $120 million to $730 million,
including costs, domestic climate benefits, and health co-benefits.
With ACE, along with
additional expected emissions reductions based on long-term industry trends,
they expect to see CO2 emissions from the electric sector fall by
as much as 35 percent below 2005 levels in 2030.
More information,
including a pre-publication version of the
Federal Register notice and fact
sheets, are available at
https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/affordable-clean-energy-rule.
Repeal of the Clean
Power Plan and Emissions Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
Existing Electric Utility Generating Units
EPA is
finalizing three separate and distinct rulemakings. First, the EPA is
repealing the Clean Power Plan (CPP) because the Agency has determined that
the CPP exceeded the EPA's statutory authority under the Clean Air Act
(CAA). Second, the EPA is finalizing the Affordable Clean Energy rule (ACE),
consisting of Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from
Existing Electric Utility Generating Units (EGUs) under CAA section 111(d),
that will inform states on the development, submittal, and implementation of
state plans to establish performance standards for GHG emissions from
certain fossil fuel-fired EGUs. In ACE, the Agency is finalizing its
determination that heat rate improvement (HRI) is the best system of
emission reduction (BSER) for reducing GHG — specifically carbon dioxide (CO2)
— emissions from existing coal-fired EGUs. Third, the EPA is finalizing new
regulations for the EPA and state implementation of ACE and any future
emission guidelines issued under CAA Section 111(d).
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 130 / Monday, July 8, 2019 / Rules and
Regulations
ArcelorMittal
Indiana Harbor Fined for Baghouse Exposure
ArcelorMittal
Indiana Harbor has been fined $10,000 by the Indiana Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, after IOSHA found that an operator at the main stack
baghouse was exposed to unacceptably high levels of both lead and cadmium
dust.
Each violation will
cost ArcelorMittal $5000 and must be abated by September 5, IOSHA said in an
order issued on June 4.
According to IOSHA,
in an inspection conducted on April 29, a baghouse operator was exposed to
lead dust over an eight-hour period in an amount approximately 20 times
higher than the permissible exposure limit. Type of violation: serious.
Fine: $5000.